Thus, not all of the phenomena can be tested scientifically to be proved as existing ones. The first main argument is that science cannot provide overall or profound knowledge regarding all objects and phenomena in the world. These characteristic features of scientism provoked the development of the arguments against this view. However, it is important to understand the difference between science and scientism because scientism as a philosophical view explains not nature but scientific instruments and associated limits of scientific knowledge. Thus, real knowledge is science-based because things need to be examined and known scientifically (Bogue & Hogan, 2020). As a result, scientific tools can limit what can be known about the world around. Scientism is the view, according to which knowledge about the world can be obtained only through science. The followers of postmodern relativism are more interested in outcomes than in morality. Some types of treatment can be ethically inappropriate for Christians as they believe that God cares fully for them. In the sphere of health care, physicians and nurses need to focus on the beliefs of patients when proposing different treatment options and plans (White, 2020). The judgement whether some act is right or wrong depends on a concrete situation relative to other factors. In contrast, postmodern relativism is based on the vision that the idea of right and wrong actions is relative, and the truth is subjective. Thus, truth is objective, and there are stable views regarding what is good and bad, and what decisions and actions are ethical and what is not. The Christian perspective of ethics is associated with the idea of objective morality. The principles of postmodern relativism influence decisions regarding individual treatment plans because their key focus is on patients’ subjective perceptions. In health care, the Christian vision of spirituality influences healthcare providers’ and patients’ decisions regarding palliative care and a coma. On the contrary, according to postmodern relativism, which rejects the idea of objective truth and focuses on subjective perceptions, spirituality is related to the process of developing a person’s inner world (Bogue & Hogan, 2020). According to the Christian perspective, the nature of spirituality is in a person’s focus on the sense of living through relations with God. People’s spirituality is expressed with reference to their values, views, beliefs, and traditions that are associated with the understanding of the meaning of life and that influence their actions. There are many different views on spirituality and ethics discussed in the context of health care, but now it is important to contrast the perspectives of Christianity and postmodern relativism regarding these concepts. Christian Perspective of Spirituality and Ethics in Contrast to Postmodern Relativism
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